![]() The keratinocytes in this layer also produce lipids and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) that make your skin waterproof and help it to hold onto moisture. Epidermal skin cells are named “keratinocytes” because they produce keratin. Keratin, which is what gives your strength, is packaged in little keratohyalin granules. This important layer has tiny granules full of components that are produced by skin cells and packaged in the granules. Like its name suggests, the stratum spinosum contains spiny protrusions that hold the cells tightly together to prevent your skin from tearing and blistering. This layer gives the epidermis its strength. ![]() Overactive melanocytes produce too much melanin and can lead to uneven skin pigmentation. Melanocytes produce melanin, which is the pigment that gives your skin and hair their color. You have lots of these cells on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet. Merkel cells are receptors that send messages to your brain that get translated as your sense of touch. Two other types of cells are also found here: Merkel cells and melanocytes. This process can take 26-40 days and is affected by age, genetics, hydration and cosmeceutical products. Eventually, these skin cells reach the outer layer of your skin, where they push off dead, flaky cells and replace them. The basal layer is where new skin cells known as “keratinocytes” are “born.” As they are produced, these new cells travel upward, pushing existing older cells even higher in a process known as “keratinization”. That is why applying stem cells to your skin’s surface is a waste of time – the uppermost layers of the skin prevent large compounds like stem cells from reaching this deep layer. Because this layer is the innermost layer, many topical products that you apply to the surface of your skin cannot reach this layer and have an effect. The deepest layer of the epidermis is called the stratum basale, sometimes called the stratum germinativum. Image is used with permission from Baumann, L.
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